Critical Analysis of Efficiency Market Hypothesis

ABSTRACT Michael Jensen writes, â€Å"There is no other proposition in economics which has more solid empirical evidence supporting it than the Efficient Market Hypothesis.† The term ‘Efficient Market Hypothesis’ (EMH) is concerned with the behavior of prices in asset markets. It was initially applied to the stock market, but the concept was soon generalized to other asset markets. EMH has also been a subject of debate since its inception in the 1960s. INTRODUCTION This essay critically discusses’ A market is efficient with respect to a particular set of information if it†¦show more content†¦These versions differ by their notions of what is meant by the term â€Å"all available information.† The tests for each form, summarized in brief, empirically shows evidence in favor of EMH: According to Fama (1970), Weak form efficiency claims that all past prices of a stock are reflected in today s stock price. Therefore, technical analysis cannot be used to predict and beat a market. The Weak Form Tests. The test of the weak form of the EMH is generally taken to comprise of; an autocorrelation test, a runs test and filter rule test. An autocorrelation test investigates whether security returns are related through time. On the other, a runs test, for example, measures the likelihood that a series of two variables is a random occurrence. A filter rule (or trading test) is a trading rule regarding the actions to be taken when shares rise or fall in value by x%. Filter rules should not work if markets are weak form efficient. Overall, the tests highlighted, statistically tests for independence, to establish the weak-form holds, thereby invalidating strategic rules for technical analy sis, to obtainShow MoreRelatedEfficient Market Hypothesis ( Emh )1258 Words   |  6 PagesEFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESISName: Mamunur Rahman Introduction Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a concept that was developed in 1960 s Ph.D. dissertation that was presented by Eugene Fama. 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Finance and Accounting Nonfinancial Managers

Question: Discuss about the Finance and Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers. Answer: Introduction The awareness created regarding the impression of the environment is on an increase throughout the world. The business firm focuses on the stress afforded with creating efficient measurements for creating appropriate impact of environment for the firm. This can evade the avoidable legal matters, which delays the development of the business firms and can also set up the company as an environmental affable corporation. Apart from this, in an array to establish an environment friendly firm and to develop the prosperity the organizations apply much labour on the research and development sector (Sarker et al., 2016). This enhances the excellence of the manufactured goods as well as at the same time they are lucrative and environment friendly. In this provided case study, the company which is undertaken for the appropriate completion of report is known as Bio-sustainable Feed (BSF). The so called company produces the food for the fishes. The sustainable method is undertaken for producing t he effective method for the production of feed for the fishes. The importance is focused on the research which helps in the enhancement of the sector (R., 2016). Henceforth it helps the company in renovating the products which indicates not only the purpose of making money but also the renovation of the products. the company also helps in improving the product for the purpose of making it an environment friendly material with the purpose of lowering the cost of production. Importance of research done by BSF Ltd. In the above mentioned company it has been clearly seen that the Bio-Sustainable Feeds offers immense importance on their actions based upon CSR. For the commencement of the company in the field to improvise the sustainability of the firm, the organization has put immense endeavours towards the sector of research and development. In addition to it, the research and development sector is continuously working for the improvement of the products so that may have minimal impact on the environment (Wolf, 2008). The company is even trying to reduce the use of the resources obtained from the nature and is mainly dealing with the wastage materials from where the products or the necessary items can be produced easily. In this way the company is helping the society in two ways, one is that the use of huge amount of natural resources are decreasing and apart from this the waste materials are also getting reduced from the environment and hence helps in giving rise to a clean and healthy society. In this way the so called company has established itself as an eco friendly company for not only the society but also for the environment. From the research analysis it was found that the company is always in a try of using the left over residues of the sugarcane and wooden chips (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). Apart from using these natural resource materials , the other materials which are of use to this company is methane gas which is collected from the wastes, garbage, sewage and the food processing companies. So it can be seen that the company is using the waste products to a greater extent whereas reducing the use of the valuable natural resources. Apart from this the company is also avoiding the materials which are mainly required by the magnificent fishes because it is against the acceptance of the poor people of the society. These positive aspects helped the company in gaining social acceptance in the company. The business measures used by the company are to promote about the various eco-friendly practices that are being implemented by the company, which are not only reducing the wastage of the society but are proving to become a boon for the society. The company has made its name in the list of companies as an eco-friendly and environment aware organization (Holton, 2012). The various strategies followed by the company has helped the company in gaining name and fame in the society. Therefore these measures which have been taken have not only improvised the quality of the productivity but have also improved the profit making scenario of the company in an efficient and valuable way. Problems faced by the BSF Ltd during their early research analysis The research made by the BSF Ltd in the beginning was conducted upon the fish culture feeds and was based mainly upon the plant based food products. But coincidently they failed in gaining success in the research. Thus, they again initiated in searching an alternative for the proposed research. The fish breed which survived on the plant based products was supposed to solve the issue of the fish based feed, by converting the productivity from 10kg of low fish value to 1kg high fish value whereas the conversion rate was 30kg of feed based on plant to 1kg of high fish value (Chung, 2016). 1/3rd of the fish were found to be dead in the research conducted, and the number of mature fishes was found to be less but the growth time was doubled. The mechanism of changing excellent food corps into magnificent fish is simply a diversion of low fish value into production. This process just benefitted the high class people but the poorer section of the society simply suffered from malnutrition (B. Rust, 2011). The fish fed or aqua fed production contained high nutritional values like omega 3 fatty acid. This element produces superior quality fishes which were only for the rich people whereas the poorer sections were deprived of it. Thus the company is on its way to find alternatives so that they might not face any objections from the wide range of the society comprising of both the higher and lower section of the society. Discuss the nature and differences research and research development The research is a procedure which is ventured in a scientific method; with in that way constitute the bias and the subjectivity that must be ignorable. The research procedure must incorporate the principles and the various tools with styles, when that is implemented on the topic must give the suitable results (Bowen and Aragon-Correa, 2014). The process and the styles are also vital for implementation researches that incorporate the procedure with the logical and the sequential process. The practical examples regarding the sequential and the logical process are identified for the research conducted by the individual. The control amount and the rigidity are represented through the conduction of the research and thus make difference in ones regulation. The growth of the research helps in depicting the distinct implementation process by which the organization gets benefitted and thereby a state of equilibrium is created for the organization with depicting the alterations. It provides that the pathway for the enhancement of the product shapes and thus the development and the enlargement of the corporation experiences are fixed in this case learning (Droms Wright, 2010). The innovative methods are continued for the purpose of enhancement of the research with determining the well being of the organization and thereby the ethics is maintained with viewing the regarded case study With the consideration of differentiation of the research and research development, it depicts the creation and the implementation of the process for innovating new product. The company BSF Ltd provides the bio-sustainable environment with creating the enhancement of the bio-sustainable feeds in the organization (Horngren, 2013). The processes are implemented for the enhancement of the organization which helps it to achieve a sustainable environment for the research and thereby preparation of the researches is made accordingly (Kew Watson, 2012). The considerations are created with implementing the control strategies for the growth of the organization and thereby the improvement of the system is focused in a systematic chain implementation process. Patent hypothesis and computation for Fair Value Market The most precious on which the organization focuses represents the appropriate valuation in order to stay in the long run of market competition. Thus the only path to keep the long run competition benefit is to protect the new ideas and prohibit other constitutions to use to them. Patents give businesses a path to stay their new ideas protected from other corporation. Patents are the positive aspect for the corporations and it is important to estimate the patent value. It is an indescribable asset provided in the balance sheet (Marek, 2008). The examination of using bacteria helps in generating feeds for fishes from sugar cane, wood chip or obtain methane gas becomes an innovative and creative idea for BSF Ltd. The price that was assumed for carrying out research was $160 million AUD and the other price of $200 million AUD for creating patent in order to publish the patent in the market with security. The Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization gave $700 million to B SF Ltd and it determines total of $500 million AUD on examine and $200 million in the improvement in order to improve the aquaculture food from the research (Tacon Metian, 2008). The innovative idea created by the company helped to generate patent for two years and thereby the value will increase up to $ 700 million AUD. The reduction rate of the project is 8% p.a. The market price patent of BSF Ltd is $700 AUD. The companies new ideas will assist to increase the price in the market and growing its goodwill. Patent will assist to give a legal right to defend its exclusive idea. The firmness and estimation of market price of a company assist to determine the development of a company. Journal entry for Transactions of RD Particulars Debit ($) Credit ($) Grant 500 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization 500 Alternative aquaculture feeds 100 Cash 100 Research 500 cash 500 Development cost 200 cash 200 Patent 700 Cash 700 In this particular case study, the company BSF Ltd receives allowance from the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization of amount $ 500 million. The $100 million AUD on other aqua culture feeds a year spend by BSF ltd .the corporation exhausted an sum of $500 million on investigate and spend approximately $200 million in the growth of other aquaculture feed so the corporation expanses sum amount of $700in the study and growth of the assignment. As of the year 2013 to 2016, the companys expenses are incurred which are provided in the above journal entry. The allowance accepted from CSIRO has been properly used with corporation in the study and growth of the other aquaculture feed (White, Dworjanyn, Nichols, Mos, Dempster, 2016).The deal in the assignment will support to enlarge value and expand brand name in the bazaar .official document is valued on the source of promotion of the feed in two year. The important thing is explain the patent of the book to the companies . The survey of official document shows the importance of the new idea. The venture in the other aquaculture feed will support the corporation to developed o new idea .In Success of the company will come for the sector of research and development. The calculation seems to be dependent on the different variables of the company with the consideration of the total expenses which are presented in the case of the research. The preparation of the journal entries indicates the total expenses and the cash spend by the company helps in the creation of success for the cash spend and the total expenses made during the year 2013 to 2016 by the company (Tacon Metian, 2008). The grant amount that seems to be received by the CSIRO has been made in order to make enhancement in the field. The important need of accounting denotes the data and transactions collection, evaluation and storing for the organization over the particular period of time. Exclusive control plan for the research made in BSF ltd The BSF Ltd management gives the respect in allowing for the booklet of the official documents. The control procedure shows the proper usage of the bio sustainable feeds. The appropriate usage of the control strategies helps in the enhancement of the research made and thereby the appropriate usage of the research is depicted in this case which helps in the enhancement of the strategies for the preparation of feeds for the fishes. The procedure used for analysis is given below: For preparing feeds for the fishes, the bio sustainable components must be utilized. For the production of fish, the research of high definition food should be taken into contemplation. The suitable materials which are utilized in the research depict the exterior part of plant, wastages that are related to the plant and the methane gas which are utilized for the research. The improvement of the other farming feed is necessary for the development of fish. The proper control measures make a limited control environment .The control agency show the improvement of the chronological feed process. The problems that are represent can be easily evaluate by the help of the control measures. References Rust, M. (2011).The Future of Aquafeeds. [online] https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf. Available at: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Chung, E. (2016).'Greener' fish farming could lead to unhealthier seafood. [online] CBC News. Available at: https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/aquaculture-feed-1.3262922 [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. R., L. (2016). [online] Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-helpreduce-world-hunger [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Sarker, P., Kapuscinski, A., Lanois, A., Livesey, E., Bernhard, K. and Coley, M. (2016). Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).PLOS ONE, 11(6), p.e0156684. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Bowen, F. and Aragon-Correa, J. (2014). Greenwashing in Corporate Environmentalism Research and Practice: The Importance of What We Say and Do.Organization Environment, 27(2), pp.107-112. Droms, W. Wright, J. (2010).Finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers. New York: Basic Books. Horngren, C. (2013).Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Kew, J. Watson, A. (2012).Financial accounting. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Marek, P. (2008). Financial Crisis, Fall and Financial Theory.European Financial And Accounting Journal,2008(4), 4-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.efaj.86 Tacon, A. Metian, M. (2008). Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects.Aquaculture,285(1-4), 146-158. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015 White, C., Dworjanyn, S., Nichols, P., Mos, B., Dempster, T. (2016). Future aquafeeds may compromise reproductive fitness in a marine invertebrate.Marine Environmental Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.09.008.

Similes in the Purgatorio Essay Example

Similes in the Purgatorio Essay The concept of a plainness held back hints at an absolute meaning: behind the veil of rhetorical language lies a potential exposition. The composer of ornamented rhyme chooses to cover his meaning with ornamentation, but a translation, or an illumination, must be available upon request for the obscurity to have any worth. Dante veils his grief at Beatrices death, in part, by placing it at a linguistic remove: in a book written solamente volgare there is no place for a letter earlier composed in Latin to tell of the worlds new condition. Because of this determined linguistic consistency, the words, Dante pleads, may not be quoted in full (the word he uses for quote, . allegare, also means plead, and this plea replaces the quotation he refuses to make) but a full translation into the vernacular is not raised as a possibility. The excuse is deliberately flimsy, sustaining a sense of the potential for a fuller understanding alongside its being withheld. Videmus nunc per speculum in enigmate tunc autem facie ad faciem nunc cognosco ex parte tunc autem cognoscam sicut et cognitus sum (1 Cor 13, 12). Christianity involves the conviction that all human knowledge is partial, but this requires that a whole be understood to exist. La Vita Nuova dismisses as stupid in their practice those who cannot divest their words of covering, to show the object rather than its reflection. Writing of God involves the difficulty that God may not be unveiled fully, but also the faith that there is a true meaning which might be divested of its veil. We will write a custom essay sample on Similes in the Purgatorio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Similes in the Purgatorio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Similes in the Purgatorio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It seems crucial that Dante conceive this exposition would be made on being asked: a series of pressing questions, driven by the urgent desire to comprehend more fully, mark Dantes progress through the Purgatorio, so that there are degrees of partial knowledge. It is not enough to wait until you enter into the state of knowing as you are known by God, despite the fact that entering Purgatory secures the knowledge that such knowledge will be enjoyed in a matter of time. Yet God may not be unveiled, and writing about God means that the words may not be stripped of their covering upon demand: faith is required, by the reader as well as the writer, that the ornamentation does not disguise further confusions. Comfort, for the writer, lies in the word Dante uses for meaning in the passage from the Vita Nuova: intendimento is both meaning and intention, so that a full exposition is not demanded of the writer, but only his aim for the shape and plan of the work, the truth as far as it goes. Exposition, in human terms, is conceived as a further stage of rhetorical engagement, recalling Socratic dialogue. TS Eliot wrote of the Commedia that it is not necessary that the allegory or the almost unintelligible astronomy should be understood only that its presence should be justified. (The Sacred Wood). Justification may be a persuasive action, yet Eliots choice of tense allows this suggestion to be sustained alongside an alternative, that something is justified in a set way, and not that the process of justification need take place on a rhetorical level. God need not justify, because he is just. It is the provision of a structure which matters, perhaps, not the confusion of those lost in it. Being lost, or in discomfort, in the Purgatorio may be urgent because of the intensely temporal nature of its activities, and yet it is a place, in its upper slopes, safe from sub-lunar decay, a place which changes without itself being changed. Salvation lies at the end, so any sense of confusion is curiously unthreatening; blanks are deliberately left to be filled in. Often, they are filled in silently by Dante, part of the growth of an understanding partially withheld accio che tu per te ne cerchi (C17) but nonetheless attained. It is a way of conveying the experience, without revealing it, offering points of entry which involve further thought. Dante often tells Virgil he is satisfied with the reply to a question; the reader can only take his word for it, and attempt to make the same leap, confronted with the same explanation, leading to generations glossing passages like the following. e se pensassi come al vostro guizzo guizza dentro allo specchio vostra image, cio che par duro ti parrebbe vizzo People being like something. They were like people who were weary etc etc. Are they it, or like it? Word is God and is with God etc. Relates to thin spirits. Inner and outer stuff: when youre concentrating on something the outside world disappears/ is changed, and your experience of time changes, as a metaphor, being digressive, changes the fabric of the poem by taking up lines. In Canto XVII Dante discusses how the imagination works without any outward stimulus from the senses, having just shown how it may do so. A metaphor is such a stimulus, calling upon memory (ricorditi, lettor ) of a natural event, a common experience brought into relation with the poem, in order to illuminate the situation of Purgatory. Seeing the sun in mountain mist is the conceivable shadow of the experience of emerging from the Purgatorial veil, less a metaphor than an instruction as to how the experience may be glimpsed. Ricorditi, lettor e fia la tua imagine leggera in giugnere a veder There is strikingly little contrast between tenor and vehicle, so that although this passage recalls Classical epic similes in its reference to domestic experience and its sudden transport of the reader from the remote and heroic into the everyday, its appeal to the everyday is to show that everyday things may be imperfect impressions of exalted things. The common experience of seeing the moon in cloud is a conceivable glimpse of what it is like to see the sun through the acrid smoke of Purgatory. Its likeness projects a partial understanding, its unlikeness hints at a whole unencompassed by the span of the comparison, yet it is the same kind of thing, a pattern of the same experience in a different way from that in which Classical comparisons and similes often work, or even others in Dante, people huddling like sheep. It is a way of thinking relatively which recalls the medieval belief that passages from the Old Testament foreshadowed passages in the New Testament, often in obscure and subtle ways. An Old Testament passage is enriched by its relation to the New, just as this close relation of experience, seeing the moon and seeing the Purgatorial sun, enriches the readers appreciation of the everyday sight, as well as unlocking understanding of the purgatorial experience. This quality, a sense of the ways in which texts, and experiences, may illuminate each other, informs Dantes use of Classical sources, rendering his consciousness of the influence of Virgils epic similes one aspect of the workings of an imagined divine love. Canto XV, in its model for love, builds upon similes from the Aeneid, recalling especially the simile of reflected light used in Book 8 to describe the movement of Aeneas agitated mind. There, the hero is alone, with the burden of his race upon his solitary shoulders. Dante recalls this solitude while creating a vision of infinite sharing: the hero responsible for bringing a chosen race into the promised land of Italy is replaced by a wider covenant, of which an infinite number of people may come into possession. In his awareness of his own writing at this point, Dantes Virgil makes a mirror which, in describing how love between people works like an intensifying series of reflections and refractions, also shows that texts may be illuminated, not diminished, by their interrelation. It is a vision which balances the recognition, in the humility of Purgatory, that earthly fame will be swept away, that the renown of one artist will swiftly be usurped by another. Purgatory is a place which exists, in geographical and other terms, in relation to Italy; it is almost a mirror image, familiar constellations moving in unexpected directions in its sky. It is particularly apt that Dante should include such a comparison (between moon and sun) at this point, one which indicates the understanding that the shadows on the walls of a cave are only shadows of the real thing. The infliction of blindness upon the angry in Purgatory is not only the physical manifestation of the effect of their sin, but also a handicap to aid better understanding, complete knowledge reached through the very process of recognising that their knowledge is partial. The seven wounds are healed per esser dolente, another appeal to experience; wounds sting when they are healing. The disk of the sun is more easily seen through the dissipating smoke than in its unveiled dazzle.

Free Essays on Importance Of Motifs, Themes And Symbols

In the earlier centuries, Macbeth’s story is not seen as wrong and tragic, but as a powerful study of a heroic individual who commits an evil act and pays an enormous price as his conscience destroys him. When people read about Macbeth now they see tragedy with a crazed man who does not feel that he can get enough power. In this play his speeches of despair show that Shakespeare shared late-twentieth-century feelings of alienation. Today there are new attitudes towards witches and witchcraft being expressed, different questions have also been raised about the way maleness and femaleness are portrayed in the play. â€Å"As with so many of Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth speaks to each generation with a new voice.† (xiv) It is important to look at the themes, motifs, and symbols that the author displays throughout his work. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text major themes. Violence is a very important motif in the play, Macbeth. Even though in most of the play murders take place off the stage, the characters provide gruesome descriptions of the murder and it makes the play extremely violent. Hallucinations also recur throughout the play. â€Å" Is this dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch Thee†¦A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat oppressed brain?† (II, I) They are reminders of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s evil plan to get rid of the King. Macbeth sees a dagger floating in the air, as he is about to kill Duncan. The dagger, covered in blood and pointed towards the king’s chamber, represents the cruelty he is about to commit. Macbeth is not the only one to see awful visions, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks and believes that her hands are stained in blood and they will live in sin and without any religion. The hallucinations that are shown throughout the play represent their conscience a... Free Essays on Importance Of Motifs, Themes And Symbols Free Essays on Importance Of Motifs, Themes And Symbols In the earlier centuries, Macbeth’s story is not seen as wrong and tragic, but as a powerful study of a heroic individual who commits an evil act and pays an enormous price as his conscience destroys him. When people read about Macbeth now they see tragedy with a crazed man who does not feel that he can get enough power. In this play his speeches of despair show that Shakespeare shared late-twentieth-century feelings of alienation. Today there are new attitudes towards witches and witchcraft being expressed, different questions have also been raised about the way maleness and femaleness are portrayed in the play. â€Å"As with so many of Shakespeare’s plays, Macbeth speaks to each generation with a new voice.† (xiv) It is important to look at the themes, motifs, and symbols that the author displays throughout his work. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text major themes. Violence is a very important motif in the play, Macbeth. Even though in most of the play murders take place off the stage, the characters provide gruesome descriptions of the murder and it makes the play extremely violent. Hallucinations also recur throughout the play. â€Å" Is this dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch Thee†¦A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat oppressed brain?† (II, I) They are reminders of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth’s evil plan to get rid of the King. Macbeth sees a dagger floating in the air, as he is about to kill Duncan. The dagger, covered in blood and pointed towards the king’s chamber, represents the cruelty he is about to commit. Macbeth is not the only one to see awful visions, Lady Macbeth sleepwalks and believes that her hands are stained in blood and they will live in sin and without any religion. The hallucinations that are shown throughout the play represent their conscience a...

Woody Guthrie, Influential Songwriter and Folk Singer

Woody Guthrie, Influential Songwriter and Folk Singer Woody Guthrie was an American songwriter and folk singer whose songs about troubles and triumphs of American life, coupled with his raw performing style, had enormous influence on popular music and culture. An eccentric character often viewed as something of a hobo poet, Guthrie created a template for songwriters which, carried along by admirers including Bob Dylan, helped infuse popular songs with poetic and often political messages. His most famous song, This Land Is Your Land has become an official national anthem, sung at countless school assemblies and public gatherings. Though his career was cut short by an incapacitating illness, Guthries songs have continued to inspire successive generations of musicians and listeners. Fast Facts: Woody Guthrie Full Name: Woodrow Wilson GuthrieKnown For: Songwriter and folk singer who portrayed the troubles and triumphs of Depression era Americans and had enormous influence on popular music.Born: July 14, 1912 in Okemah, OklahomaDied: October 3, 1967 in New York, New YorkParents: Charles Edward Guthrie and Nora Belle ShermanSpouses: Mary Jennings (m. 1933-1940), Marjorie Mazia (m. 1945-1953 ), and Anneke Van Kirk (m. 1953-1956)Children: Gwen, Sue, and Bill Guthrie (with Jennings); Cathy, Arlo, Joady, and Nora Guthrie (with Mazia); and Lorina (with Van Kirk) Early Life Woodrow Wilson Guthrie was born July 14, 1912, in Okemah, Oklahoma. He was the third of five children, and both his parents were interested in music. The town of Okemah was only about ten years old, recently settled by transplants who brought musical traditions and instruments with them. As a child Guthrie heard church music, songs from the Appalachian mountain tradition, and fiddle music. It seems music was a bright spot in his life, which was marked by tragic incidents. When Guthrie was 7 years old his mother’s mental condition began to deteriorate. She was suffering from undiagnosed Huntington’s chorea, the same disease that would, decades later, afflict Woody. His sister perished in a kitchen fire, and following that tragedy, his mother was committed to an asylum. When Guthrie was 15 the family moved to Pampa, Texas, to stay near relatives. Guthrie began to play the guitar. With his natural musical aptitude he soon mastered it and began performing with an aunt and uncle in a small band. He also learned to play mandolin, fiddle, and harmonica, and was known to perform in talent shows and plays at his high school. Woody Guthrie portrait. Bettmann  /  Getty Images After finishing high school, Guthrie took off to travel about the South, essentially choosing to live as a hobo. He kept singing and playing guitar wherever he went, picking up various songs and beginning to write some of his own. He eventually returned to Pampa, and at the age of 21 he married a friend’s 16-year-old sister, Mary Jennings. The couple would have three children. Pampa is located in the Texas panhandle, and when the Dust Bowl conditions struck, Guthrie was an eyewitness. He felt great empathy for the farmers whose lives were upended by the severe weather conditions, and began to write the songs that would comprise a body of work about those affected by the Dust Bowl. In 1937 Guthrie was restless to get out of Texas, and managed to hitch rides to California. In Los Angeles he performed, got noticed, and landed a job singing on a local radio station. He was able to send for his wife and children and the family settled in Los Angeles for a time. Guthrie became friends with the actor Will Geer, who was very active in radical political circles. He enlisted Guthrie to sing some of his songs at rallies, and Guthrie became associated with communist sympathizers. In 1940 Geer, who was staying in New York City, convinced Guthrie to cross the country and join him. Guthrie and his family headed to New York. Burst of Creativity His arrival in the big city in February 1940 sparked a burst of creativity. Staying at the Hanover House, a small hotel near Times Square, he wrote down, on February 23, 1940, the lyrics for what would become his most famous song, This Land Is Your Land. The song had been in his head as hed traveled across the country. The song God Bless America by Irving Berlin had become a huge hit in the late 1930s, and Guthrie was irritated that Kate Smiths rendition of it was endlessly played on the radio. In response to it, he wrote a song which declared, in simple yet poetic terms, that America belonged to its people. c. 1940, New York, New York City, Almanac Singers, L-R: Woody Gurthrie, Millard Lampell, Bess Lomax Hawes, Pete Seeger, Arthur Stern, Sis Cunningham. Michael Ochs Archives / Getty Images In a span of a few months in New York, Guthrie met new friends including Pete Seeger, Leadbelly, and Cisco Houston. The folk song scholar Alan Lomax recorded Guthrie and also arranged for him to appear on a CBS radio network program. Dust Bowl Ballads In the spring of 1940, while based in New York, Guthrie traveled to the Victor Records studio in Camden, New Jersey. He recorded a collection of songs he had written about the Dust Bowl and the Okies of the Great Depression who had left the devastated farmlands of the Midwest for a grueling trip to California. The resulting album (folios of 78-rpm discs) titled Dust Bowl Ballads was released in the summer of 1940 and was notable enough to receive a very positive review in the New York Times on August 4, 1940. The newspaper praised Guthries writing and said of his songs: They make you think; they may even make you uncomfortable, though not as uncomfortable as the Okie on his miserable journey. But they are an excellent thing to have on record. Dust Bowl Ballads, which is now in print in a compact disc version, contains some of Guthries best-known songs, including Talkin Dust Bowl Blues, I Aint Got No Home In This World Anymore, and Do Re Mi, a mordantly funny song about the troubles of migrants arriving penniless in California. The song collection also contained Tom Joad, Guthries rewrite of the story of John Steinbecks classic Dust Bowl novel, The Grapes of Wrath. Steinbeck did not mind. American folk singer Woody Guthrie performs on a stoop for an audience of predominantly children, New York, New York, 1943. Eric Schaal / Getty Images Back West Despite his success, Guthrie was restless in New York City. In a new car hed been able to purchase, he drove his family back to Los Angeles, where he discovered work was scarce. He took a job for the federal government, for a New Deal agency in the Pacific Northwest, the Bonneville Power Administration. Guthrie was paid $266 to interview workers on a dam project and write a series of songs promoting the benefits of hydroelectric power. Guthrie took to the project enthusiastically, writing 26 songs in a month (often borrowing tunes, as was common in the folk tradition). Some have endured, including Grand Coulee Dam, Pastures of Plenty, and Roll On, Columbia, his ode to the mighty Columbia River. The odd assignment prompted him to write songs packed with his trademark wordplay, humor, and empathy for working people. Following his time in the Pacific Northwest he returned to New York City. His wife and children didnt come along to New York but moved to Texas, intent on finding a permanent home where the children could attend school. That separation would mark the end of Guthries first marriage. New York and War Based in New York as the city began to mobilize for war following the Pearl Harbor attack, Guthrie began writing songs supporting the American war effort and denouncing fascism. Photographs of him taken during this period often show him playing a guitar with the sign on it: This Machine Kills Fascists. American folk singer Woody Guthrie (1912 - 1967) plays his guitar, which has a handwritten sticker that says, This Machine Kills Fascists, New York, New York, 1943. Eric Schaal / Getty Images During the war years he wrote a memoir, Bound For Glory, an account of his travels around the country. Guthrie joined the U.S. Merchant Marine and made several sea voyages, delivering supplies as part of the war effort. Near the end of the war he was drafted and spent a year in the U.S. Army. When the war ended he was discharged and after some traveling about the country he settled in the Coney Island neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. In the late 1940s, Guthrie recorded more songs and continued writing. Many lyrics he never got around to setting to music, including Deportees, a song about migrant workers killed in a plane crash in California while being deported to Mexico. He had been inspired by a newspaper article that didnt provide the names of the victims. As Guthrie put it in his lyrics, The newspaper said they were just deportees. Guthries words were later put to music by others, and the song has been performed by Joan Baez, Bob Dylan, and many others. Illness and Legacy Guthrie remarried and had more children. But his life took a dark turn when he began to be afflicted with the onset of Huntingtons chorea, the hereditary disease which had killed his mother. As the disease attacks brain cells, the effects are profound. Guthrie slowly lost his ability to control his muscles, and had to be hospitalized. As a new generation of folk song enthusiasts discovered his work in the late 1950s his reputation grew. Robert Zimmerman, a student at the University of Minnesota who had recently started calling himself Bob Dylan, became fascinated with Guthrie to the extent of hitching a ride to the East Coast so he could visit him at a state hospital in New Jersey. Inspired by Guthrie, Dylan began writing his own songs. Guthries own son, Arlo, eventually began performing in public, becoming a successful singer and songwriter. And countless other young people, hearing Guthries old records, were energized and inspired. After more than a decade of hospitalization, Woody Guthrie died on October 3, 1967, at the age of 55. His obituary in the New York Times noted that he had written as many as 1,000 songs. Many recordings of Woody Guthrie are still available (today on the popular streaming services) and his archives are housed at the Woody Guthrie Center in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Sources: Guthrie, Woody. UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography, edited by Laura B. Tyle, vol. 5, UXL, 2003, pp. 838-841. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Guthrie, Woody. Great Depression and the New Deal Reference Library, edited by Allison McNeill, et al., vol. 2: Biographies, UXL, 2003, pp. 88-94. Gale Virtual Reference Library.Guthrie, Woody 1912–1967. Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series, edited by Mary Ruby, vol. 256, Gale, 2014, pp. 170-174. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

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