Mexican Drug Cartels And Its Effects On America - 1445 Words

At first, Mexican drug cartels were structured just like family owned businesses. There would be a family member who was the main drug lord and cousins and uncles of the family would be the body guards and drug dealers. After the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) lost their power within the Mexican government the structure of drug cartels became much more complex. A hierarchical diffusion is seen within the drug cartel system because the drugs spread from one important drug lord to another, and we generally see this happening in the urban part of Mexico, more than in the rural areas. A corporate structure began forming as hierarchies began developing under drug lords and more people got involved. Professor Guillermo Trejo of Notre Dame s Kellogg Institute claims that once the PRI lost their power there was a rapid increase in violence. This is because of Mexico’s former President, Felipe Calderà ³n, who politically associates with the National Action Party (PAN). In 20 06 President Calderà ³n declared war on the drug cartels. This milestone triggered a huge change within Mexico’s international relations, government, and culture. Professor Trejo argues that there was criminal protection under the PRI. The party alternation in the states led to the break down of informal networks of protections for the drug cartels. As a result the cartels created private armies to cope with the government threats and to attack and rival against the government. The Mexican governmentShow MoreRelatedMexican Drug War Outline816 Words   |  4 PagesCarpenter, Ted. Undermining Mexico’s Dangerous Drug Cartels. Cato Institute. N.p.. Web. 23 Jul 2013. lt;http://www.cato.org/publications/policy-analysis/undermining-mexicos-dangerous-drug-cartelsgt;. Al-Eryani, Ausan. Mexico’s drug war effects US as well. Collegiate Times. Virginia Tech. Web. 23 Jul 2013. lt;http://www.collegiatetimes.com/stories/18328/mexicos-drug-war-effects-us-as-well/p2gt;. Grillo, Ioan. US troops aid Mexico in drug war. Global Post. N.p.. Web. 23 Jul 2013Read MoreThe Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican Drug War and Its Consequences Despite President Felipe Calderon’s good intentions and determination to eliminate the drug cartels in Mexico, the Mexican government has not been able to stop the drug cartel’s operations (smuggling drugs, people and weapons to and from the USA) for many reasons. The drug cartels have proven to be powerful, well connected politically, well trained, well- armed, and manipulation of the masses. Therefore, it has been impossible for the MexicanRead MoreThe Mexican Cartel Is A Ruthless Crime Origination1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Mexican cartel is a ruthless crime origination. It controls Mexico through bribes and fear. There are many factions of the cartel, and they are at constant war with one another. They war over many reasons from drugs to human trafficking. These battles often spill out into the streets causing the loose of many innocent lives. The cartel has a strangle hold on the Mexican people. The cartels operate much like other organized crime groups. Like the Mafia there are many factions. Each factionRead MoreDrug Trafficking1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issueRead MoreEssay on Mexican/Latin American â€Å"War† on Drugs and Trafficking1122 Words   |  5 PagesThe international drug trade from Latin American states is having an impact on a global scale. The trafficking of drugs along with corruptness and murder is an international conflict that is being fought daily. There are many aspects of the drug war from Mexico and other Latin American states which have effects on United States policy as well as policies from other countries that participate in the global suppression of illegal drugs. It can be hard to differentiate between conflict and issue inRead MoreMexican Drug War : Mexico1306 Words   |  6 PagesMrs. Blomme Honors 1 28 September 2014 Mexico Drug War According to the FBI, there are more than seventy five open cases of Americans that are kidnapped in Mexico. That is just one of the effects caused by what is called The Mexico Drug War. People are oblivious to what the outcome of drugs, in general, can do. Many have disappeared or been killed, firearm trade from the U.S. has gone up, and the supply of drugs in the U.S has increased. The Mexico Drug war started in December of 2006 and is stillRead MoreAnalyzing Political Corruption And Its Effects On The Mexican Economy1623 Words   |  7 Pages Analyzing Political Corruption and its Effects on the Mexican Economy Gyadisha Sulvaran Palm Beach State College Macroeconomics Warren Smith 4th of April 2014 â€Æ' Abstract For macroeconomics, we were given an assignment to examine and analyze the causes of the business cycle in foreign economies. We were divided into groups of 6 and were given the instructions to randomly select a continent. Our continent was North America. We had to choose between Canada and Mexico. The reason why we decidedRead MoreMexico Current Issues: Drug War1197 Words   |  5 Pageshorrendous civil war. This internal conflict is coming from the country’s powerful drug leaders. This epic drug war was been taking place ever since these â€Å"cartels† relocated from the South American nation of Columbia to Mexico in the mid 1980s. since then , this bloody conflict has arose several issues in Mexico. Mexico’s new president, Felipe Calderon, just recently launched an all out military campaign against these drug lords in 2007. This campaign included increased military personnel stationedRead More Mexican Cartel Essay1524 Words   |  7 PagesMexican Carte l Drug War Mexico has a long history of cartels the deaths, drugs and weapon trafficking is in all time high increasing year by year. â€Å"Mexicos gangs have flourished since the late 19th century, mostly in the north due to their proximity to towns along the U.S.-Mexico border. But it was the American appetite for cocaine in the 1970s that gave Mexican drug cartels immense power to manufacture and transport drugs across the border. Early Mexican gangs were primarily situated in borderRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1672 Words   |  7 Pagesmarijuana usage. This marijuana causes white women to seek sexual relations with Negroes, entertainers and any others (ukcia.org, (n.d), para. 1). Since this time, the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937 has spawned more strict laws that have many unintended side effects. After many decades, effective federal propaganda has won public support for these laws. Only recently, U.S. citizens have started to question why marijuana is illegal. I feel that it would be beneficial to discard these laws and beliefs of the past

Critical Analysis of Efficiency Market Hypothesis

ABSTRACT Michael Jensen writes, â€Å"There is no other proposition in economics which has more solid empirical evidence supporting it than the Efficient Market Hypothesis.† The term ‘Efficient Market Hypothesis’ (EMH) is concerned with the behavior of prices in asset markets. It was initially applied to the stock market, but the concept was soon generalized to other asset markets. EMH has also been a subject of debate since its inception in the 1960s. INTRODUCTION This essay critically discusses’ A market is efficient with respect to a particular set of information if it†¦show more content†¦These versions differ by their notions of what is meant by the term â€Å"all available information.† The tests for each form, summarized in brief, empirically shows evidence in favor of EMH: According to Fama (1970), Weak form efficiency claims that all past prices of a stock are reflected in today s stock price. Therefore, technical analysis cannot be used to predict and beat a market. The Weak Form Tests. The test of the weak form of the EMH is generally taken to comprise of; an autocorrelation test, a runs test and filter rule test. An autocorrelation test investigates whether security returns are related through time. On the other, a runs test, for example, measures the likelihood that a series of two variables is a random occurrence. A filter rule (or trading test) is a trading rule regarding the actions to be taken when shares rise or fall in value by x%. Filter rules should not work if markets are weak form efficient. Overall, the tests highlighted, statistically tests for independence, to establish the weak-form holds, thereby invalidating strategic rules for technical analy sis, to obtainShow MoreRelatedEfficient Market Hypothesis ( Emh )1258 Words   |  6 PagesEFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESISName: Mamunur Rahman Introduction Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is a concept that was developed in 1960 s Ph.D. dissertation that was presented by Eugene Fama. The efficient market hypothesis states that, in a liquid market, the price of the securities reflects all the available information. The EMH exists in various degrees that include weak, semi-strong and strong, denoting the inclusion of non-public information in the market price. The theory contends that notionRead MoreThe Importance Of Raising Companies Finance For Their Operations Efficiently Without Affecting Its Profitability1486 Words   |  6 Pageswithout affecting its profitability. Equity markets are places where willing buyers and sellers can meet for the purpose of making profit. Market efficiency is the high expectations of investors in every market place. Market places are where investors bu y and sell companies and government securities. The information they get from the market efficiency is what determine them to buy or sell. 1.1 MARKET EFFICIENCY FUNDAMENTAL FEATURES REVIEW Market efficiency history back dates to as far as in the midRead MoreWhat Does Calendar Anomaly Exist? Stock Market Of Both Developed And Developing Countries1701 Words   |  7 Pagesstock market of both developed and developing countries. The former is represented by SP 500(Standard and Poor) from USA while the latter is represented by BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) from India. The daily data of stock return was collected for the time – period of July 1998 to December 2013, and analyzed using single factor ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and two sample t-test of equal variance. Our Null Hypothesis for this study states that the calendar anomaly does not exist in stock market of USRead MoreInfluencing The Adoption Of Mobile Office Services : Empirical Investigation Among Sales Workers1444 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Here the critical review of a research article, taken from a reputable published and refereed journal i.e, â€Å"INFLUENCING FACTORS FOR THE ADOPTION OF MOBILE OFFICE SERVICES: EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION AMONG SALES WORKERS† written by Jin-Bo Sim and You-Jin Kim,Creative Future Research Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Korea. It is observed a major amount of variation in consumer expectations from the available resources (ETRI, 2010). The authors were keenRead MoreAnalysis of Capital Market Efificiency and the Efficient Market Hypothesis2763 Words   |  12 PagesCapital market efficiency is concerned with assessing the movements of security prices over different time horizons. In this paper, I will briefly discuss capital market efficiency and then finish with an extensive discussion of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), which is a leading theory in explaining some of the major reasons for fluctuations in security prices. From this perspect ive, we will examine the three forms of efficiency, supporting and opposing arguments of the EMH, alternative theoriesRead MoreThe Effect Of Fdi Inflow On Exports1394 Words   |  6 Pagesarrive. That’s why, we’ve excluded the years before 1976. Dependent Variable: Export, measured in US dollar. Independent Variable: Foreign Direct Investment, FDI inflow measured in US dollar. Methodology Before explaining the methodology of data analysis it is important to know that how FDI could affect exports. Blomstrà ¶m (1996) provides a brief but comprehensive review of the theoretical foundation of the effect of FDI on host countries (including exports). One association is explained in termsRead MoreStock Market Efficiency: How Does It Reflect on the Securities Trading6759 Words   |  28 PagesStock Market Efficiency: How does It Reflect on the Securities Trading Abstract: Stock market efficiency has been the subject matter of research studies for periods well over the past three decades. Several theories have been established about basically how the competition will drive all information into the prices of securities quickly. Centering this idea the concept known as Efficient Market Hypothesis has been evolved which also has been the subject of intense debate among academics and financialRead MoreThe Efficient Market Hypothesis (Emh) Has Been Subject1863 Words   |  8 PagesThe efficient market hypothesis (EMH) has been subject to professional and academic debate and analysis for many years, and refers to the theory proposing that stock prices show all information regarding a firm’s value. An efficient market is a market in which investors with the same information and similar investment goals compete actively (Sewell, 2012). Many private investors and investors aiming to make profits are involved with the stock market and often make low risk investments while aimingRead MoreTaking a Look at Mergers and Acquisitions868 Words   |  3 Pages The second chapter of the report will focus on the literature review, whereby there will be a critical analysis of previous research literature on MA. Literature Review The literature review looks at the motives of (MA) with previous companies. In addition to this, previous studies will be looked at to investigate the benefits of previous companies acquiring other companies to increase their market capital. Literature on theories of MA shows that the motives of companies incorporates MA ,areRead MoreEfficient Market Hypothesis3125 Words   |  13 Pages`A market is efficient with respect to a particular set of information if it is impossible to make abnormal profits by using this set of information to formulate buying and selling decisions.’ Critical Analysis When we invest money into the stock market we do it with the intention of generating a return on the capital invested. Many investors try not only to make a profitable return, but also to outperform, or ‘beat the market’. However, market efficiency -  championed in the efficient market

Finance and Accounting Nonfinancial Managers

Question: Discuss about the Finance and Accounting for Nonfinancial Managers. Answer: Introduction The awareness created regarding the impression of the environment is on an increase throughout the world. The business firm focuses on the stress afforded with creating efficient measurements for creating appropriate impact of environment for the firm. This can evade the avoidable legal matters, which delays the development of the business firms and can also set up the company as an environmental affable corporation. Apart from this, in an array to establish an environment friendly firm and to develop the prosperity the organizations apply much labour on the research and development sector (Sarker et al., 2016). This enhances the excellence of the manufactured goods as well as at the same time they are lucrative and environment friendly. In this provided case study, the company which is undertaken for the appropriate completion of report is known as Bio-sustainable Feed (BSF). The so called company produces the food for the fishes. The sustainable method is undertaken for producing t he effective method for the production of feed for the fishes. The importance is focused on the research which helps in the enhancement of the sector (R., 2016). Henceforth it helps the company in renovating the products which indicates not only the purpose of making money but also the renovation of the products. the company also helps in improving the product for the purpose of making it an environment friendly material with the purpose of lowering the cost of production. Importance of research done by BSF Ltd. In the above mentioned company it has been clearly seen that the Bio-Sustainable Feeds offers immense importance on their actions based upon CSR. For the commencement of the company in the field to improvise the sustainability of the firm, the organization has put immense endeavours towards the sector of research and development. In addition to it, the research and development sector is continuously working for the improvement of the products so that may have minimal impact on the environment (Wolf, 2008). The company is even trying to reduce the use of the resources obtained from the nature and is mainly dealing with the wastage materials from where the products or the necessary items can be produced easily. In this way the company is helping the society in two ways, one is that the use of huge amount of natural resources are decreasing and apart from this the waste materials are also getting reduced from the environment and hence helps in giving rise to a clean and healthy society. In this way the so called company has established itself as an eco friendly company for not only the society but also for the environment. From the research analysis it was found that the company is always in a try of using the left over residues of the sugarcane and wooden chips (Stittle and Wearing, 2008). Apart from using these natural resource materials , the other materials which are of use to this company is methane gas which is collected from the wastes, garbage, sewage and the food processing companies. So it can be seen that the company is using the waste products to a greater extent whereas reducing the use of the valuable natural resources. Apart from this the company is also avoiding the materials which are mainly required by the magnificent fishes because it is against the acceptance of the poor people of the society. These positive aspects helped the company in gaining social acceptance in the company. The business measures used by the company are to promote about the various eco-friendly practices that are being implemented by the company, which are not only reducing the wastage of the society but are proving to become a boon for the society. The company has made its name in the list of companies as an eco-friendly and environment aware organization (Holton, 2012). The various strategies followed by the company has helped the company in gaining name and fame in the society. Therefore these measures which have been taken have not only improvised the quality of the productivity but have also improved the profit making scenario of the company in an efficient and valuable way. Problems faced by the BSF Ltd during their early research analysis The research made by the BSF Ltd in the beginning was conducted upon the fish culture feeds and was based mainly upon the plant based food products. But coincidently they failed in gaining success in the research. Thus, they again initiated in searching an alternative for the proposed research. The fish breed which survived on the plant based products was supposed to solve the issue of the fish based feed, by converting the productivity from 10kg of low fish value to 1kg high fish value whereas the conversion rate was 30kg of feed based on plant to 1kg of high fish value (Chung, 2016). 1/3rd of the fish were found to be dead in the research conducted, and the number of mature fishes was found to be less but the growth time was doubled. The mechanism of changing excellent food corps into magnificent fish is simply a diversion of low fish value into production. This process just benefitted the high class people but the poorer section of the society simply suffered from malnutrition (B. Rust, 2011). The fish fed or aqua fed production contained high nutritional values like omega 3 fatty acid. This element produces superior quality fishes which were only for the rich people whereas the poorer sections were deprived of it. Thus the company is on its way to find alternatives so that they might not face any objections from the wide range of the society comprising of both the higher and lower section of the society. Discuss the nature and differences research and research development The research is a procedure which is ventured in a scientific method; with in that way constitute the bias and the subjectivity that must be ignorable. The research procedure must incorporate the principles and the various tools with styles, when that is implemented on the topic must give the suitable results (Bowen and Aragon-Correa, 2014). The process and the styles are also vital for implementation researches that incorporate the procedure with the logical and the sequential process. The practical examples regarding the sequential and the logical process are identified for the research conducted by the individual. The control amount and the rigidity are represented through the conduction of the research and thus make difference in ones regulation. The growth of the research helps in depicting the distinct implementation process by which the organization gets benefitted and thereby a state of equilibrium is created for the organization with depicting the alterations. It provides that the pathway for the enhancement of the product shapes and thus the development and the enlargement of the corporation experiences are fixed in this case learning (Droms Wright, 2010). The innovative methods are continued for the purpose of enhancement of the research with determining the well being of the organization and thereby the ethics is maintained with viewing the regarded case study With the consideration of differentiation of the research and research development, it depicts the creation and the implementation of the process for innovating new product. The company BSF Ltd provides the bio-sustainable environment with creating the enhancement of the bio-sustainable feeds in the organization (Horngren, 2013). The processes are implemented for the enhancement of the organization which helps it to achieve a sustainable environment for the research and thereby preparation of the researches is made accordingly (Kew Watson, 2012). The considerations are created with implementing the control strategies for the growth of the organization and thereby the improvement of the system is focused in a systematic chain implementation process. Patent hypothesis and computation for Fair Value Market The most precious on which the organization focuses represents the appropriate valuation in order to stay in the long run of market competition. Thus the only path to keep the long run competition benefit is to protect the new ideas and prohibit other constitutions to use to them. Patents give businesses a path to stay their new ideas protected from other corporation. Patents are the positive aspect for the corporations and it is important to estimate the patent value. It is an indescribable asset provided in the balance sheet (Marek, 2008). The examination of using bacteria helps in generating feeds for fishes from sugar cane, wood chip or obtain methane gas becomes an innovative and creative idea for BSF Ltd. The price that was assumed for carrying out research was $160 million AUD and the other price of $200 million AUD for creating patent in order to publish the patent in the market with security. The Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization gave $700 million to B SF Ltd and it determines total of $500 million AUD on examine and $200 million in the improvement in order to improve the aquaculture food from the research (Tacon Metian, 2008). The innovative idea created by the company helped to generate patent for two years and thereby the value will increase up to $ 700 million AUD. The reduction rate of the project is 8% p.a. The market price patent of BSF Ltd is $700 AUD. The companies new ideas will assist to increase the price in the market and growing its goodwill. Patent will assist to give a legal right to defend its exclusive idea. The firmness and estimation of market price of a company assist to determine the development of a company. Journal entry for Transactions of RD Particulars Debit ($) Credit ($) Grant 500 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization 500 Alternative aquaculture feeds 100 Cash 100 Research 500 cash 500 Development cost 200 cash 200 Patent 700 Cash 700 In this particular case study, the company BSF Ltd receives allowance from the Commonwealth Scientific Industrial Research Organization of amount $ 500 million. The $100 million AUD on other aqua culture feeds a year spend by BSF ltd .the corporation exhausted an sum of $500 million on investigate and spend approximately $200 million in the growth of other aquaculture feed so the corporation expanses sum amount of $700in the study and growth of the assignment. As of the year 2013 to 2016, the companys expenses are incurred which are provided in the above journal entry. The allowance accepted from CSIRO has been properly used with corporation in the study and growth of the other aquaculture feed (White, Dworjanyn, Nichols, Mos, Dempster, 2016).The deal in the assignment will support to enlarge value and expand brand name in the bazaar .official document is valued on the source of promotion of the feed in two year. The important thing is explain the patent of the book to the companies . The survey of official document shows the importance of the new idea. The venture in the other aquaculture feed will support the corporation to developed o new idea .In Success of the company will come for the sector of research and development. The calculation seems to be dependent on the different variables of the company with the consideration of the total expenses which are presented in the case of the research. The preparation of the journal entries indicates the total expenses and the cash spend by the company helps in the creation of success for the cash spend and the total expenses made during the year 2013 to 2016 by the company (Tacon Metian, 2008). The grant amount that seems to be received by the CSIRO has been made in order to make enhancement in the field. The important need of accounting denotes the data and transactions collection, evaluation and storing for the organization over the particular period of time. Exclusive control plan for the research made in BSF ltd The BSF Ltd management gives the respect in allowing for the booklet of the official documents. The control procedure shows the proper usage of the bio sustainable feeds. The appropriate usage of the control strategies helps in the enhancement of the research made and thereby the appropriate usage of the research is depicted in this case which helps in the enhancement of the strategies for the preparation of feeds for the fishes. The procedure used for analysis is given below: For preparing feeds for the fishes, the bio sustainable components must be utilized. For the production of fish, the research of high definition food should be taken into contemplation. The suitable materials which are utilized in the research depict the exterior part of plant, wastages that are related to the plant and the methane gas which are utilized for the research. The improvement of the other farming feed is necessary for the development of fish. The proper control measures make a limited control environment .The control agency show the improvement of the chronological feed process. The problems that are represent can be easily evaluate by the help of the control measures. References Rust, M. (2011).The Future of Aquafeeds. [online] https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf. Available at: https://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/aquaculture/docs/feeds/the_future_of_aquafeeds_final.pdf [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Chung, E. (2016).'Greener' fish farming could lead to unhealthier seafood. [online] CBC News. Available at: https://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/aquaculture-feed-1.3262922 [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. R., L. (2016). [online] Available at: https://sciencenordic.com/fish-feed-research-may-helpreduce-world-hunger [Accessed 16 Sep. 2016]. Sarker, P., Kapuscinski, A., Lanois, A., Livesey, E., Bernhard, K. and Coley, M. (2016). Towards Sustainable Aquafeeds: Complete Substitution of Fish Oil with Marine Microalga Schizochytrium sp. Improves Growth and Fatty Acid Deposition in Juvenile Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).PLOS ONE, 11(6), p.e0156684. Holton, R. (2012).Global finance. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Stittle, J. and Wearing, B. (2008).Financial accounting. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Wolf, M. (2008).Fixing global finance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Bowen, F. and Aragon-Correa, J. (2014). Greenwashing in Corporate Environmentalism Research and Practice: The Importance of What We Say and Do.Organization Environment, 27(2), pp.107-112. Droms, W. Wright, J. (2010).Finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers. New York: Basic Books. Horngren, C. (2013).Accounting. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Kew, J. Watson, A. (2012).Financial accounting. Cape Town: Oxford University Press. Marek, P. (2008). Financial Crisis, Fall and Financial Theory.European Financial And Accounting Journal,2008(4), 4-5. https://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.efaj.86 Tacon, A. Metian, M. (2008). Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects.Aquaculture,285(1-4), 146-158. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.015 White, C., Dworjanyn, S., Nichols, P., Mos, B., Dempster, T. (2016). Future aquafeeds may compromise reproductive fitness in a marine invertebrate.Marine Environmental Research. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.09.008.

Similes in the Purgatorio Essay Example

Similes in the Purgatorio Essay The concept of a plainness held back hints at an absolute meaning: behind the veil of rhetorical language lies a potential exposition. The composer of ornamented rhyme chooses to cover his meaning with ornamentation, but a translation, or an illumination, must be available upon request for the obscurity to have any worth. Dante veils his grief at Beatrices death, in part, by placing it at a linguistic remove: in a book written solamente volgare there is no place for a letter earlier composed in Latin to tell of the worlds new condition. Because of this determined linguistic consistency, the words, Dante pleads, may not be quoted in full (the word he uses for quote, . allegare, also means plead, and this plea replaces the quotation he refuses to make) but a full translation into the vernacular is not raised as a possibility. The excuse is deliberately flimsy, sustaining a sense of the potential for a fuller understanding alongside its being withheld. Videmus nunc per speculum in enigmate tunc autem facie ad faciem nunc cognosco ex parte tunc autem cognoscam sicut et cognitus sum (1 Cor 13, 12). Christianity involves the conviction that all human knowledge is partial, but this requires that a whole be understood to exist. La Vita Nuova dismisses as stupid in their practice those who cannot divest their words of covering, to show the object rather than its reflection. Writing of God involves the difficulty that God may not be unveiled fully, but also the faith that there is a true meaning which might be divested of its veil. We will write a custom essay sample on Similes in the Purgatorio specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Similes in the Purgatorio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Similes in the Purgatorio specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It seems crucial that Dante conceive this exposition would be made on being asked: a series of pressing questions, driven by the urgent desire to comprehend more fully, mark Dantes progress through the Purgatorio, so that there are degrees of partial knowledge. It is not enough to wait until you enter into the state of knowing as you are known by God, despite the fact that entering Purgatory secures the knowledge that such knowledge will be enjoyed in a matter of time. Yet God may not be unveiled, and writing about God means that the words may not be stripped of their covering upon demand: faith is required, by the reader as well as the writer, that the ornamentation does not disguise further confusions. Comfort, for the writer, lies in the word Dante uses for meaning in the passage from the Vita Nuova: intendimento is both meaning and intention, so that a full exposition is not demanded of the writer, but only his aim for the shape and plan of the work, the truth as far as it goes. Exposition, in human terms, is conceived as a further stage of rhetorical engagement, recalling Socratic dialogue. TS Eliot wrote of the Commedia that it is not necessary that the allegory or the almost unintelligible astronomy should be understood only that its presence should be justified. (The Sacred Wood). Justification may be a persuasive action, yet Eliots choice of tense allows this suggestion to be sustained alongside an alternative, that something is justified in a set way, and not that the process of justification need take place on a rhetorical level. God need not justify, because he is just. It is the provision of a structure which matters, perhaps, not the confusion of those lost in it. Being lost, or in discomfort, in the Purgatorio may be urgent because of the intensely temporal nature of its activities, and yet it is a place, in its upper slopes, safe from sub-lunar decay, a place which changes without itself being changed. Salvation lies at the end, so any sense of confusion is curiously unthreatening; blanks are deliberately left to be filled in. Often, they are filled in silently by Dante, part of the growth of an understanding partially withheld accio che tu per te ne cerchi (C17) but nonetheless attained. It is a way of conveying the experience, without revealing it, offering points of entry which involve further thought. Dante often tells Virgil he is satisfied with the reply to a question; the reader can only take his word for it, and attempt to make the same leap, confronted with the same explanation, leading to generations glossing passages like the following. e se pensassi come al vostro guizzo guizza dentro allo specchio vostra image, cio che par duro ti parrebbe vizzo People being like something. They were like people who were weary etc etc. Are they it, or like it? Word is God and is with God etc. Relates to thin spirits. Inner and outer stuff: when youre concentrating on something the outside world disappears/ is changed, and your experience of time changes, as a metaphor, being digressive, changes the fabric of the poem by taking up lines. In Canto XVII Dante discusses how the imagination works without any outward stimulus from the senses, having just shown how it may do so. A metaphor is such a stimulus, calling upon memory (ricorditi, lettor ) of a natural event, a common experience brought into relation with the poem, in order to illuminate the situation of Purgatory. Seeing the sun in mountain mist is the conceivable shadow of the experience of emerging from the Purgatorial veil, less a metaphor than an instruction as to how the experience may be glimpsed. Ricorditi, lettor e fia la tua imagine leggera in giugnere a veder There is strikingly little contrast between tenor and vehicle, so that although this passage recalls Classical epic similes in its reference to domestic experience and its sudden transport of the reader from the remote and heroic into the everyday, its appeal to the everyday is to show that everyday things may be imperfect impressions of exalted things. The common experience of seeing the moon in cloud is a conceivable glimpse of what it is like to see the sun through the acrid smoke of Purgatory. Its likeness projects a partial understanding, its unlikeness hints at a whole unencompassed by the span of the comparison, yet it is the same kind of thing, a pattern of the same experience in a different way from that in which Classical comparisons and similes often work, or even others in Dante, people huddling like sheep. It is a way of thinking relatively which recalls the medieval belief that passages from the Old Testament foreshadowed passages in the New Testament, often in obscure and subtle ways. An Old Testament passage is enriched by its relation to the New, just as this close relation of experience, seeing the moon and seeing the Purgatorial sun, enriches the readers appreciation of the everyday sight, as well as unlocking understanding of the purgatorial experience. This quality, a sense of the ways in which texts, and experiences, may illuminate each other, informs Dantes use of Classical sources, rendering his consciousness of the influence of Virgils epic similes one aspect of the workings of an imagined divine love. Canto XV, in its model for love, builds upon similes from the Aeneid, recalling especially the simile of reflected light used in Book 8 to describe the movement of Aeneas agitated mind. There, the hero is alone, with the burden of his race upon his solitary shoulders. Dante recalls this solitude while creating a vision of infinite sharing: the hero responsible for bringing a chosen race into the promised land of Italy is replaced by a wider covenant, of which an infinite number of people may come into possession. In his awareness of his own writing at this point, Dantes Virgil makes a mirror which, in describing how love between people works like an intensifying series of reflections and refractions, also shows that texts may be illuminated, not diminished, by their interrelation. It is a vision which balances the recognition, in the humility of Purgatory, that earthly fame will be swept away, that the renown of one artist will swiftly be usurped by another. Purgatory is a place which exists, in geographical and other terms, in relation to Italy; it is almost a mirror image, familiar constellations moving in unexpected directions in its sky. It is particularly apt that Dante should include such a comparison (between moon and sun) at this point, one which indicates the understanding that the shadows on the walls of a cave are only shadows of the real thing. The infliction of blindness upon the angry in Purgatory is not only the physical manifestation of the effect of their sin, but also a handicap to aid better understanding, complete knowledge reached through the very process of recognising that their knowledge is partial. The seven wounds are healed per esser dolente, another appeal to experience; wounds sting when they are healing. The disk of the sun is more easily seen through the dissipating smoke than in its unveiled dazzle.